|
The Old Turkic script (also known as variously Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script) is the alphabet used by the Göktürk and other early Turkic Khanates during the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language.〔Scharlipp, Wolfgang (2000). ''An Introduction to the Old Turkish Runic Inscriptions''. Verlag auf dem Ruffel, Engelschoff. ISBN 978-3-933847-00-3.〕 The script is named after the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia where early 8th-century inscriptions were discovered in an 1889 expedition by Nikolay Yadrintsev. These Orkhon inscriptions were published by Vasily Radlov and deciphered by the Danish philologist Vilhelm Thomsen in 1893. This writing system was later used within the Uyghur Empire. Additionally, a Yenisei variant is known from 9th-century Kyrgyz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan and the Old Hungarian script of the 10th century. Words were usually written from right to left. == Origins == Orkhon script is derived from variants of the Aramaic alphabet,〔''Babylonian beginnings: The origin of the cuneiform writing system in comparative perspective'', Jerold S. Cooper, ''The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process'', ed. Stephen D. Houston, (Cambridge University Press, 2004), 58-59.〕〔Tristan James Mabry, ''Nationalism, Language, and Muslim Exceptionalism'', (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015), 109.〕 in particular via the Pahlavi and Sogdian alphabets,〔''Turks'', A. Samoylovitch, First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936, Vol. VI, (Brill, 1993), 911.〕〔George L. Campbell and Christopher Moseley, ''The Routledge Handbook of Scripts and Alphabets'', (Routledge, 2012), 40.〕 as suggested by V. Thomsen, or possibly via Karosthi (''cf''., Issyk inscription). Aside from derivation from tamgas, an alternate possible derivation from Chinese script was suggested by V. Thomsen in 1893. Turkic inscriptions dating from earlier than the Orkhon inscriptions used about 150 symbols, which may suggest that tamgas first imitated Chinese script and then gradually was refined into an alphabet. Thomsen (1893) connected the script to the reports of Chinese account (''Shiji'', vol. 110) from a 2nd-century BC Chinese Yan renegade and dignitary named Zhonghang Yue (), who :"taught the Shanyu (rulers of the Xiongnu) to write official letters to the Chinese court on a wooden tablet () 31 cm long, and to use a seal and large-sized folder". The same sources tell that when the Xiongnu noted down something or transmitted a message, they made cuts on a piece of wood (''ko-mu''); they also mention a "Hu script". At Noin-Ula and other Hun burial sites in Mongolia and regions north of Lake Baikal, the artifacts displayed over twenty carved characters. Most of these characters are either identical with or very similar to the letters of the Turkic Orkhon script.〔N. Ishjatms, "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia", in the "History of civilizations of Central Asia", volume 2, figure 6, p. 166, UNESCO Publishing, 1996, p. 165〕 Part of the Zhou Shu, dating to the 5th century, mentions that the Turks did not have a way to keep records, implying that the Old Turkic alphabet may not have existed yet. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Old Turkic alphabet」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|